{"$update": {"3621": {"$update": {"ARO_description": "LAP-2 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene.", "ARO_category": {"$update": {"42954": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "LAP is a Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene family that confers resistance to beta-lactams."}}}, "$delete": ["36189", "35920", "35935", "36296"], "$insert": {"36017": {"category_aro_name": "penam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36017", "category_aro_accession": "3000008", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "40360": {"category_aro_name": "penem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40360", "category_aro_accession": "3003706", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur."}, "35951": {"category_aro_name": "cephalosporin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35951", "category_aro_accession": "0000032", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms."}, "36976": {"category_aro_name": "benzylpenicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36976", "category_aro_accession": "3000632", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid."}, "35976": {"category_aro_name": "cefepime", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35976", "category_aro_accession": "0000059", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents."}, "40523": {"category_aro_name": "ticarcillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40523", "category_aro_accession": "3003832", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death."}, "35980": {"category_aro_name": "cefuroxime", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35980", "category_aro_accession": "0000063", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains."}, "35981": {"category_aro_name": "amoxicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35981", "category_aro_accession": "0000064", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan."}, "35995": {"category_aro_name": "piperacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35995", "category_aro_accession": "0000078", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria."}}}}}, "3620": {"$update": {"ARO_description": "LAP-1 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene.", "ARO_category": {"$update": {"42954": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "LAP is a Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene family that confers resistance to beta-lactams."}}}, "$delete": ["36189", "35920", "35935", "36296"], "$insert": {"36017": {"category_aro_name": "penam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36017", "category_aro_accession": "3000008", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "40360": {"category_aro_name": "penem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40360", "category_aro_accession": "3003706", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur."}, "35951": {"category_aro_name": "cephalosporin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35951", "category_aro_accession": "0000032", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms."}, "36976": {"category_aro_name": "benzylpenicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36976", "category_aro_accession": "3000632", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid."}, "35976": {"category_aro_name": "cefepime", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35976", "category_aro_accession": "0000059", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents."}, "40523": {"category_aro_name": "ticarcillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40523", "category_aro_accession": "3003832", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death."}, "35980": {"category_aro_name": "cefuroxime", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35980", "category_aro_accession": "0000063", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains."}, "35981": {"category_aro_name": "amoxicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35981", "category_aro_accession": "0000064", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan."}, "35995": {"category_aro_name": "piperacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35995", "category_aro_accession": "0000078", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria."}}}}}, "_timestamp": "2022-04-28T14:45:05+00:00", "_version": "3.2.2"}}