Model_id Action ARO_name ARO_category Changes To Summary 3621 UPDATE LAP-2 penam; cefalotin; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; benzylpenicillin; cefepime; LAP beta-lactamase; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin; ARO_description; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with LAP-2 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene. UPDATED category_aro_description with LAP is a Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene family that confers resistance to beta-lactams. DELETED 36189 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. " 3620 UPDATE LAP-1 penam; cefalotin; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; benzylpenicillin; cefepime; LAP beta-lactamase; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin; ARO_description; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with LAP-1 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene. UPDATED category_aro_description with LAP is a Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene family that confers resistance to beta-lactams. DELETED 36189 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. "