{"$update": {"5020": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}}}}}, "3856": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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This model type is still under development and not currently supported by the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) software."}}, "343": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3428": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}}}}}, "3542": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "5148": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2227": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"36689": {"category_aro_name": "aztreonam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36689", "category_aro_accession": "3000550", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death."}, "36309": {"category_aro_name": "imipenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36309", "category_aro_accession": "3000170", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes."}, "35990": {"category_aro_name": "meropenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35990", "category_aro_accession": "0000073", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem."}, "36984": {"category_aro_name": "doripenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36984", "category_aro_accession": "3000640", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis."}, "35987": {"category_aro_name": "ertapenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35987", "category_aro_accession": "0000070", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis."}}}}}, "3340": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}}}}, "5149": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2223": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "1196": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4880": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1694": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4976": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1690": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1758": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4882": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1750": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "146": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1176": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"36659": {"category_aro_name": "isoniazid", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36659", "category_aro_accession": "3000520", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria."}}}, "model_param": {"$update": {"40330": {"$update": {"param_value": {"$delete": ["3758"], "$insert": {"12838": "N596S,Y597H"}}}}}}}}, "1804": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "145": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1172": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "140": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35966", "40942"], "$insert": {"46128": {"category_aro_name": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46128", "category_aro_accession": "3007378", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "46129": {"category_aro_name": "5-episisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46129", "category_aro_accession": "3007379", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin."}, "46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. 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It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "1271": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. 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It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}, "46127": {"category_aro_name": "6'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46127", "category_aro_accession": "3007377", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "6'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. 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It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. 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It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "147": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "704": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "1821": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35966"], "$insert": {"46128": {"category_aro_name": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46128", "category_aro_accession": "3007378", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "46129": {"category_aro_name": "5-episisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46129", "category_aro_accession": "3007379", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35956": {"category_aro_name": "netilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35956", "category_aro_accession": "0000038", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}}}}}, "706": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36293": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 7''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 7''-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}}}}, "1483": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36461": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound."}}}}}}, "392": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"36017": {"category_aro_name": "penam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36017", "category_aro_accession": "3000008", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms."}, "35981": {"category_aro_name": "amoxicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35981", "category_aro_accession": "0000064", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan."}, "35995": {"category_aro_name": "piperacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35995", "category_aro_accession": "0000078", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria."}, "40360": {"category_aro_name": "penem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40360", "category_aro_accession": "3003706", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur."}, "40523": {"category_aro_name": "ticarcillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "40523", "category_aro_accession": "3003832", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death."}}}}}, "391": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$delete": ["36727", "42779", "45634", "35977", "35994", "40636"]}}}, "397": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "394": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2396": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5068": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4063": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4922": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "795": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4047": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1717": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1716": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1715": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4048": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4049": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3266": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$delete": ["40951", "35994", "35995"]}}}, "1659": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2143": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "1651": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "1151": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2876": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3475": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "209": {"$update": {"ARO_description": "AAC(3)-Ib/AAC(6')-Ib3 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.", "ARO_category": {"$delete": ["36484", "35933", "36461"], "$insert": {"35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35922": {"category_aro_name": "astromicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35922", "category_aro_accession": "0000003", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "46171": {"category_aro_name": "aminoglycoside bifunctional resistance protein", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46171", "category_aro_accession": "3007419", "category_aro_class_name": "AMR Gene Family", "category_aro_description": "Bifunctional aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes composed of two separate functional domains. These proteins possess activity from both enzyme components, thereby conferring resistance to the combination of antibiotics from both domains, and may include acetylation, phosphorylation or nucleotidylation activity."}, "35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. 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Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria."}, "36966": {"category_aro_name": "colistin A", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36966", "category_aro_accession": "3000622", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria."}, "46184": {"category_aro_name": "polymyxin resistance operon", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46184", "category_aro_accession": "3007428", "category_aro_class_name": "AMR Gene Family", "category_aro_description": "Operon or gene clusters confering resistance to polymyxin antibiotics."}}}}}, "779": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction."}}}}}, "1040": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5067": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5061": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "5062": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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It interferes with the bacterium's ability to synthesize new fatty acids, causing cell death."}}}}}, "3405": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$insert": {"46129": {"category_aro_name": "5-episisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46129", "category_aro_accession": "3007379", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin."}, "46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}, "37002": {"category_aro_name": "lividomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37002", "category_aro_accession": "3000658", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Lividomycins are aminoglycosidic antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lividus. They contain 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose."}, "37001": {"category_aro_name": "paromomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37001", "category_aro_accession": "3000657", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35924": {"category_aro_name": "neomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35924", "category_aro_accession": "0000005", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "4979": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "412": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3444": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2060": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35944": {"category_aro_name": "fosfomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35944", "category_aro_accession": "0000025", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction."}}}}}, "137": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36267": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin, tobramycin and amikacin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35953", "36998", "36999", "35956", "35933", "36996"], "$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "1386": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36367": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}}}}, "4977": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "418": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "925": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36461": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35932", "35933", "36999"], "$insert": {"46128": {"category_aro_name": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46128", "category_aro_accession": "3007378", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}, "46127": {"category_aro_name": "6'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46127", "category_aro_accession": "3007377", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "6'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35956": {"category_aro_name": "netilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35956", "category_aro_accession": "0000038", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "4972": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "927": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3827": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3826": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "319": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "318": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5002": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "313": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. 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It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5689": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"36017": {"category_aro_name": "penam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36017", "category_aro_accession": "3000008", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms."}, "36981": {"category_aro_name": "ampicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36981", "category_aro_accession": "3000637", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin."}}}}}, "5074": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2254": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"37139": {"category_aro_name": "fusidic acid", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37139", "category_aro_accession": "3000759", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to  block protein synthesis."}}}}}, "3419": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "441": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "360": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$insert": {"46128": {"category_aro_name": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46128", "category_aro_accession": "3007378", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "46129": {"category_aro_name": "5-episisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46129", "category_aro_accession": "3007379", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35956": {"category_aro_name": "netilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35956", "category_aro_accession": "0000038", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "361": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "440": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$delete": ["35996", "40924", "35981"]}}}, "4809": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2023": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3319": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35966"], "$insert": {"46128": {"category_aro_name": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46128", "category_aro_accession": "3007378", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin."}, "46129": {"category_aro_name": "5-episisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46129", "category_aro_accession": "3007379", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin."}, "35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35956": {"category_aro_name": "netilmicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35956", "category_aro_accession": "0000038", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}}}}}, "384": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36267": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin, tobramycin and amikacin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35953", "36998", "36999", "35956", "35933", "36996"], "$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "385": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5133": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3799": {"$update": {"ARO_description": "LptD is involved in LPS transport in a ABC Transporter efflux system. It confers resistance to rifamycin, aminocoumarin, and peptide antibiotics.", "ARO_category": {"$delete": ["35939"]}}}, "444": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36484": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$insert": {"35966": {"category_aro_name": "kanamycin A", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35966", "category_aro_accession": "0000049", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "1925": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$delete": ["35996", "40924", "35981"]}}}, "4056": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4055": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4054": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4053": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4052": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. 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These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 3''-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}}}}, "4057": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. 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Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "4058": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "5128": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$insert": {"35932": {"category_aro_name": "amikacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35932", "category_aro_accession": "0000013", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35969": {"category_aro_name": "tobramycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35969", "category_aro_accession": "0000052", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}, "model_name": "AAC(6')-I33", "ARO_name": "AAC(6')-I33"}}, "4858": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "3759": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36265": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin and neomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["36997"], "$insert": {"46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex)."}}}}}, "3758": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"36017": {"category_aro_name": "penam", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36017", "category_aro_accession": "3000008", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms."}, "36309": {"category_aro_name": "imipenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36309", "category_aro_accession": "3000170", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes."}, "36989": {"category_aro_name": "cefotaxime", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36989", "category_aro_accession": "3000645", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups."}, "35951": {"category_aro_name": "cephalosporin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35951", "category_aro_accession": "0000032", "category_aro_class_name": "Drug Class", "category_aro_description": "Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms."}, "36981": {"category_aro_name": "ampicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "36981", "category_aro_accession": "3000637", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin."}, "35981": {"category_aro_name": "amoxicillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35981", "category_aro_accession": "0000064", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan."}, "35979": {"category_aro_name": "ceftriaxone", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35979", "category_aro_accession": "0000062", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria."}, "35990": {"category_aro_name": "meropenem", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35990", "category_aro_accession": "0000073", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem."}}}}}, "604": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "573": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "572": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "2291": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35944": {"category_aro_name": "fosfomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35944", "category_aro_accession": "0000025", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction."}}}}}, "2290": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35944": {"category_aro_name": "fosfomycin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35944", "category_aro_accession": "0000025", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction."}}}}}, "4861": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."}, "37084": {"category_aro_name": "cefalotin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "37084", "category_aro_accession": "3000704", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases."}, "35973": {"category_aro_name": "oxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35973", "category_aro_accession": "0000056", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."}}}}}, "575": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$update": {"36461": {"$update": {"category_aro_description": "A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound."}}}, "$delete": ["35966", "40942", "35969"], "$insert": {"35953": {"category_aro_name": "sisomicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35953", "category_aro_accession": "0000035", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "35922": {"category_aro_name": "astromicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35922", "category_aro_accession": "0000003", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}, "46133": {"category_aro_name": "gentamicin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "46133", "category_aro_accession": "3007382", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. 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It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin."}, "35926": {"category_aro_name": "dibekacin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35926", "category_aro_accession": "0000007", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth."}}}}}, "4883": {"$update": {"ARO_category": {"$insert": {"35930": {"category_aro_name": "cloxacillin", "category_aro_cvterm_id": "35930", "category_aro_accession": "0000011", "category_aro_class_name": "Antibiotic", "category_aro_description": "Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. 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