| Accession | ARO:3000410 |
| CARD Short Name | sul1 |
| Definition | Sul1 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria. It is linked to other resistance genes of class 1 integrons. |
| AMR Gene Family | sulfonamide resistant sul |
| Drug Class | sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Resistance Mechanism | antibiotic target replacement |
| Resistomes with Perfect Matches | Achromobacter xylosoxidansg+p+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter baumanniig+p+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter defluviip, Acinetobacter haemolyticusp, Acinetobacter indicusg+p+wgs, Acinetobacter johnsoniip+wgs, Acinetobacter juniip+wgs, Acinetobacter lwoffiip+wgs, Acinetobacter nosocomialiswgs, Acinetobacter pittiip+wgs, Acinetobacter radioresistenswgs, Acinetobacter townerig+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter wuhouensisp+wgs, Aeromonas caviaeg+p+wgs+gi, Aeromonas hydrophilag+p+wgs+gi, Aeromonas veroniig+p+wgs+gi, Alcaligenes faecalisg+p+wgs+gi, Bordetella bronchisepticawgs, Bordetella trematumg+gi, Burkholderia ambifariawgs, Burkholderia cenocepaciag+wgs, Burkholderia vietnamiensiswgs, Citrobacter amalonaticusp+wgs, Citrobacter freundiig+p+wgs+gi, Citrobacter koserig+p+wgs, Citrobacter portucalensisp+wgs, Citrobacter werkmaniip+wgs, Citrobacter youngaep+wgs, Comamonas testosteronig+p, Corynebacterium diphtheriaeg+wgs+gi, Corynebacterium urealyticumwgs, Cronobacter malonaticuswgs, Cronobacter sakazakiip+gi, Delftia tsuruhatensiswgs, Edwardsiella tardag+wgs, Enterobacter asburiaeg+p+wgs, Enterobacter chengduensiswgs, Enterobacter cloacaeg+p+wgs, Enterobacter hormaecheig+p+wgs+gi, Enterobacter kobeig+p+wgs, Enterobacter roggenkampiip+wgs, Escherichia albertiig+p+wgs, Escherichia colig+p+wgs+gi, Escherichia fergusoniip+wgs, Klebsiella aerogenesg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella huaxiensisg+gi, Klebsiella michiganensisg+p+wgs, Klebsiella oxytocag+p+wgs, Klebsiella pneumoniaeg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella quasipneumoniaep+wgs, Laribacter hongkongensisg+wgs+gi, Leclercia adecarboxylatag+p+wgs+gi, Morganella morganiig+p+wgs+gi, Mycolicibacterium fortuitumwgs, Proteus mirabilisg+p+wgs+gi, Proteus penneriwgs, Proteus vulgarisp+wgs, Providencia alcalifaciensg, Providencia heimbachaep, Providencia rettgerig+p+wgs+gi, Providencia stuartiig+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas aeruginosag+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas chlororaphiswgs, Pseudomonas koreensiswgs, Pseudomonas mendocinag+wgs, Pseudomonas monteiliig+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas putidag+p+wgs, Pseudomonas stutzerig+p+wgs, Raoultella planticolap+wgs, Salmonella entericag+p+wgs+gi, Serratia liquefacienswgs, Serratia marcescensg+p+wgs, Shewanella putrefaciensp, Shigella boydiiwgs, Shigella dysenteriaep+wgs, Shigella flexnerig+p+wgs, Shigella sonneig+p+wgs+gi, Staphylococcus haemolyticuswgs, Stenotrophomonas maltophiliag+wgs, Trueperella pyogenesg, Vibrio alginolyticusg+p+wgs, Vibrio choleraeg+p+wgs+gi, Vibrio fluvialisg+wgs, Vibrio harveyiwgs, Vibrio parahaemolyticusp+wgs, Vibrio vulnificuswgs, Yersinia enterocoliticawgs |
| Resistomes with Sequence Variants | Achromobacter xylosoxidansg+p+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter baumanniig+p+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter defluviip, Acinetobacter haemolyticusp, Acinetobacter indicusg+p+wgs, Acinetobacter johnsoniip+wgs, Acinetobacter juniip+wgs, Acinetobacter lwoffiip+wgs, Acinetobacter nosocomialiswgs, Acinetobacter pittiip+wgs, Acinetobacter radioresistenswgs, Acinetobacter townerig+wgs+gi, Acinetobacter wuhouensisp+wgs, Aeromonas caviaeg+p+wgs+gi, Aeromonas hydrophilag+p+wgs+gi, Aeromonas veroniig+p+wgs+gi, Alcaligenes faecalisg+p+wgs+gi, Bordetella bronchisepticawgs, Bordetella trematumg+gi, Burkholderia ambifariawgs, Burkholderia cenocepaciag+wgs, Burkholderia cepaciawgs, Burkholderia vietnamiensiswgs, Citrobacter amalonaticusp+wgs, Citrobacter freundiig+p+wgs+gi, Citrobacter koserig+p+wgs, Citrobacter portucalensisp+wgs, Citrobacter werkmaniip+wgs, Citrobacter youngaep+wgs, Comamonas testosteronig+p+wgs+gi, Corynebacterium diphtheriaeg+wgs+gi, Corynebacterium urealyticumwgs, Cronobacter malonaticuswgs, Cronobacter sakazakiip+gi, Delftia tsuruhatensisg+wgs+gi, Edwardsiella tardag+wgs, Enterobacter asburiaeg+p+wgs, Enterobacter chengduensiswgs, Enterobacter cloacaeg+p+wgs, Enterobacter hormaecheig+p+wgs+gi, Enterobacter kobeig+p+wgs, Enterobacter roggenkampiip+wgs, Escherichia albertiig+p+wgs, Escherichia colig+p+wgs+gi, Escherichia fergusoniip+wgs, Klebsiella aerogenesg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella huaxiensisg+gi, Klebsiella michiganensisg+p+wgs, Klebsiella oxytocag+p+wgs, Klebsiella pneumoniaeg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella quasipneumoniaep+wgs, Laribacter hongkongensisg+wgs+gi, Leclercia adecarboxylatag+p+wgs+gi, Micrococcus luteuswgs+gi, Morganella morganiig+p+wgs+gi, Mycobacterium colombiensewgs, Mycolicibacterium fortuitumwgs, Nocardia farcinicap, Proteus mirabilisg+p+wgs+gi, Proteus penneriwgs, Proteus vulgarisp+wgs, Providencia alcalifaciensg, Providencia heimbachaep, Providencia rettgerig+p+wgs+gi, Providencia stuartiig+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas aeruginosag+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas chlororaphiswgs, Pseudomonas koreensiswgs, Pseudomonas mendocinag+wgs, Pseudomonas monteiliig+p+wgs+gi, Pseudomonas putidag+p+wgs, Pseudomonas stutzerig+p+wgs, Raoultella planticolap+wgs, Rhodococcus pyridinivoransg, Salmonella entericag+p+wgs+gi, Serratia liquefacienswgs, Serratia marcescensg+p+wgs, Shewanella putrefaciensp, Shigella boydiiwgs, Shigella dysenteriaep+wgs, Shigella flexnerig+p+wgs, Shigella sonneig+p+wgs+gi, Sphingobium yanoikuyaep+wgs, Staphylococcus haemolyticuswgs, Stenotrophomonas maltophiliag+wgs, Trueperella pyogenesg+wgs+gi, Vibrio alginolyticusg+p+wgs, Vibrio choleraeg+p+wgs+gi, Vibrio fluvialisg+wgs, Vibrio harveyiwgs, Vibrio parahaemolyticusp+wgs, Vibrio vulnificuswgs, Yersinia enterocoliticawgs |
| Classification | 7 ontology terms | Show |
| Parent Term(s) | 11 ontology terms | Show + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfadiazine [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfadimidine [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfadoxine [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfamethoxazole [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfisoxazole [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfacetamide [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic mafenide [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfasalazine [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic sulfamethizole [Antibiotic] + derives_from antibiotic sensitive dihydropteroate synthase + sulfonamide resistant sul [AMR Gene Family] |
| Publications | Skold O. 2001. Vet Res 32(3-4): 261-273. Resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides. (PMID 11432417) Krizova L, et al. 2011. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(7):3201-6 Diversity and evolution of AbaR genomic resistance islands in Acinetobacter baumannii strains of European clone I. (PMID 21537009) Chen YT, et al. 2009. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(3):1235-7 Mobilization of qnrB2 and ISCR1 in plasmids. (PMID 19075060) Márquez C, et al. 2008. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(10):3417-25 Urinary tract infections in a South American population: dynamic spread of class 1 integrons and multidrug resistance by homologous and site-specific recombination. (PMID 18753343) Doi Y, et al. 2007. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(3):852-6 Coproduction of novel 16S rRNA methylase RmtD and metallo-beta-lactamase SPM-1 in a panresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from Brazil. (PMID 17158944) Martínez N, et al. 2007. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(6):1227-34 Detailed structure of integrons and transposons carried by large conjugative plasmids responsible for multidrug resistance in diverse genomic types of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg. (PMID 17827139) |
Prevalence of sul1 among the sequenced genomes, plasmids, and whole-genome shotgun assemblies available at NCBI or IslandViewer for 413 important pathogens (see methodological details and complete list of analyzed pathogens). Values reflect percentage of genomes, plasmids, genome islands, or whole-genome shotgun assemblies that have at least one hit to the AMR detection model. Default view includes percentages calculated based on Perfect plus Strict RGI hits. Select the checkbox to view percentages based on only Perfect matches to AMR reference sequences curated in CARD (note: this excludes resistance via mutation as references in protein variant models are often wild-type, sensitive sequences).
| Species | NCBI Chromosome | NCBI Plasmid | NCBI WGS | NCBI GI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 8.7% | 14.29% | 5.34% | 28.57% |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 42.65% | 2.65% | 27.6% | 23.9% |
| Acinetobacter defluvii | 0% | 12.5% | 0% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter haemolyticus | 0% | 2.44% | 0% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter indicus | 9.52% | 5.66% | 2.6% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter johnsonii | 0% | 2.78% | 10.91% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter junii | 0% | 33.33% | 4.48% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter lwoffii | 0% | 1.39% | 7.89% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter nosocomialis | 0% | 0% | 4.02% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter pittii | 0% | 3.94% | 4.26% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter radioresistens | 0% | 0% | 3.51% | 0% |
| Acinetobacter towneri | 25% | 0% | 7.69% | 100% |
| Acinetobacter wuhouensis | 0% | 4.55% | 50% | 0% |
| Aeromonas caviae | 47.73% | 25.97% | 59.68% | 33.33% |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | 24.62% | 7.79% | 12.1% | 100% |
| Aeromonas veronii | 18.18% | 7.69% | 8.99% | 25% |
| Alcaligenes faecalis | 15% | 40% | 20.59% | 66.67% |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | 0% | 0% | 2.74% | 0% |
| Bordetella trematum | 20% | 0% | 0% | 50% |
| Burkholderia ambifaria | 0% | 0% | 1.3% | 0% |
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | 0.5% | 0% | 9.65% | 0% |
| Burkholderia cepacia | 0% | 0% | 6.73% | 0% |
| Burkholderia vietnamiensis | 0% | 0% | 1.72% | 0% |
| Citrobacter amalonaticus | 0% | 16.67% | 14.55% | 0% |
| Citrobacter freundii | 7.38% | 14.46% | 25.34% | 27.27% |
| Citrobacter koseri | 6.25% | 15% | 11.71% | 0% |
| Citrobacter portucalensis | 0% | 23.53% | 31.53% | 0% |
| Citrobacter werkmanii | 0% | 10% | 46.15% | 0% |
| Citrobacter youngae | 0% | 9.09% | 25% | 0% |
| Comamonas testosteroni | 20% | 50% | 7.14% | 100% |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 25.93% | 0% | 18.81% | 100% |
| Corynebacterium urealyticum | 0% | 0% | 20% | 0% |
| Cronobacter malonaticus | 0% | 0% | 1.82% | 0% |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | 0% | 5.13% | 0% | 50% |
| Delftia tsuruhatensis | 16.67% | 0% | 6.25% | 100% |
| Edwardsiella tarda | 10% | 0% | 13.33% | 0% |
| Enterobacter asburiae | 6.45% | 2.75% | 20.16% | 0% |
| Enterobacter chengduensis | 0% | 0% | 44% | 0% |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 5.36% | 11.73% | 21.41% | 0% |
| Enterobacter hormaechei | 3.96% | 15.64% | 32.28% | 13.33% |
| Enterobacter kobei | 4.55% | 10.34% | 21.83% | 0% |
| Enterobacter roggenkampii | 0% | 2.9% | 14.75% | 0% |
| Escherichia albertii | 1.43% | 1.13% | 1.94% | 0% |
| Escherichia coli | 3.48% | 4.92% | 15.07% | 2.43% |
| Escherichia fergusonii | 0% | 3.2% | 7.61% | 0% |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 4% | 11.96% | 5.08% | 25% |
| Klebsiella huaxiensis | 100% | 0% | 0% | 50% |
| Klebsiella michiganensis | 12.9% | 20.57% | 14.1% | 0% |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 5.13% | 10.27% | 13.87% | 0% |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 8.22% | 10.08% | 26.67% | 37.14% |
| Klebsiella quasipneumoniae | 0% | 11.44% | 30.66% | 0% |
| Laribacter hongkongensis | 66.67% | 0% | 6.25% | 50% |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | 14.29% | 14.29% | 16.28% | 50% |
| Micrococcus luteus | 0% | 0% | 2.22% | 100% |
| Morganella morganii | 36.54% | 10% | 19.63% | 30.77% |
| Mycobacterium colombiense | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% |
| Mycolicibacterium fortuitum | 0% | 0% | 3.45% | 0% |
| Nocardia farcinica | 0% | 8.33% | 0% | 0% |
| Proteus mirabilis | 60.55% | 17.5% | 15.84% | 37.04% |
| Proteus penneri | 0% | 0% | 12.5% | 0% |
| Proteus vulgaris | 0% | 44.44% | 11.11% | 0% |
| Providencia alcalifaciens | 18.18% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Providencia heimbachae | 0% | 100% | 0% | 0% |
| Providencia rettgeri | 26.47% | 18.92% | 29.3% | 50% |
| Providencia stuartii | 12.5% | 18.18% | 20.45% | 33.33% |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 23.62% | 12.28% | 13.88% | 41.67% |
| Pseudomonas chlororaphis | 0% | 0% | 1.61% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas koreensis | 0% | 0% | 4.35% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas mendocina | 12.5% | 0% | 14.29% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas monteilii | 22.22% | 14.29% | 19.05% | 100% |
| Pseudomonas putida | 11.27% | 16% | 8.02% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri | 14.29% | 9.09% | 15.27% | 0% |
| Raoultella planticola | 0% | 18.6% | 17.95% | 0% |
| Rhodococcus pyridinivorans | 7.14% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Salmonella enterica | 7.63% | 11.71% | 11.65% | 18.87% |
| Serratia liquefaciens | 0% | 0% | 3.17% | 0% |
| Serratia marcescens | 1.52% | 10.97% | 7.21% | 0% |
| Shewanella putrefaciens | 0% | 40% | 0% | 0% |
| Shigella boydii | 0% | 0% | 15.56% | 0% |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 0% | 9.09% | 16.67% | 0% |
| Shigella flexneri | 6% | 6.83% | 10.25% | 0% |
| Shigella sonnei | 2.44% | 4.85% | 9.13% | 4.76% |
| Sphingobium yanoikuyae | 0% | 4% | 5.88% | 0% |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 0% | 0% | 0.44% | 0% |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 2.25% | 0% | 3.12% | 0% |
| Trueperella pyogenes | 26.67% | 0% | 8.33% | 10% |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | 1.23% | 3.57% | 0.79% | 0% |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1.79% | 26.32% | 4.79% | 9.52% |
| Vibrio fluvialis | 2.63% | 0% | 4% | 0% |
| Vibrio harveyi | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 0% | 0.62% | 0.31% | 0% |
| Vibrio vulnificus | 0% | 0% | 0.82% | 0% |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 0% | 0% | 0.91% | 0% |
Model Type: protein homolog model
Model Definition: Protein Homolog Models (PHM) detect protein sequences based on their similarity to a curated reference sequence, using curated BLASTP bitscore cut-offs. Protein Homolog Models apply to all genes that confer resistance through their presence in an organism, such as the presence of a beta-lactamase gene on a plasmid. PHMs include a reference sequence and a bitscore cut-off for detection using BLASTP. A Perfect RGI match is 100% identical to the reference protein sequence along its entire length, a Strict RGI match is not identical but the bit-score of the matched sequence is greater than the curated BLASTP bit-score cutoff, Loose RGI matches have a bit-score less than the curated BLASTP bit-score cut-off.
Bit-score Cut-off (blastP): 500