| Accession | ARO:3000316 |
| Synonym(s) | macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I |
| CARD Short Name | mphA |
| Definition | The mphA gene encodes for resistance enzyme MPH(2')-I which preferentially inactivate 14-membered macrolides (e.g.erythromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin) over 16-membered macrolides (e.g.tylosin, spiramycin). It phosphorylates macrolides at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides in a GTP-dependent manner. |
| AMR Gene Family | macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) |
| Drug Class | macrolide antibiotic |
| Resistance Mechanism | antibiotic inactivation |
| Resistomes with Perfect Matches | Acinetobacter baumanniiwgs, Aeromonas caviaeg+p+wgs, Aeromonas hydrophilag+p+wgs, Aeromonas veroniig+p+wgs, Bordetella trematumg+gi, Citrobacter amalonaticusp+wgs, Citrobacter freundiig+p+wgs, Citrobacter koserig+p+wgs, Citrobacter portucalensisp+wgs, Citrobacter werkmaniiwgs, Citrobacter youngaep+wgs, Comamonas testosteronip, Cronobacter malonaticuswgs, Cronobacter sakazakiip, Enterobacter asburiaep+wgs, Enterobacter cloacaep+wgs, Enterobacter hormaecheip+wgs, Enterobacter kobeip+wgs, Enterobacter roggenkampiip+wgs, Escherichia albertiip+wgs, Escherichia colig+p+wgs+gi, Escherichia fergusoniip+wgs, Klebsiella aerogenesg+p+wgs, Klebsiella michiganensisg+p+wgs, Klebsiella oxytocap+wgs, Klebsiella pneumoniaeg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella quasipneumoniaep+wgs, Leclercia adecarboxylatag+p+wgs, Morganella morganiig+p+wgs+gi, Proteus mirabilisg+p+wgs, Providencia rettgeriwgs, Providencia stuartiip+wgs, Pseudomonas aeruginosag+p+wgs, Pseudomonas putidawgs, Raoultella planticolap+wgs, Salmonella entericag+p+wgs+gi, Serratia marcescensp+wgs, Shigella boydiiwgs, Shigella dysenteriaewgs, Shigella flexnerig+p+wgs, Shigella sonneig+p+wgs+gi, Streptococcus suiswgs, Vibrio choleraep+wgs |
| Resistomes with Sequence Variants | Acinetobacter baumanniiwgs, Aeromonas caviaeg+p+wgs, Aeromonas hydrophilag+p+wgs, Aeromonas veroniig+p+wgs, Alcaligenes faecalisp, Bordetella trematumg+gi, Citrobacter amalonaticusp+wgs, Citrobacter freundiig+p+wgs, Citrobacter koserig+p+wgs, Citrobacter portucalensisp+wgs, Citrobacter werkmaniiwgs, Citrobacter youngaep+wgs, Comamonas testosteronip, Cronobacter malonaticuswgs, Cronobacter sakazakiip, Enterobacter asburiaep+wgs, Enterobacter cloacaep+wgs, Enterobacter hormaecheip+wgs, Enterobacter kobeip+wgs, Enterobacter roggenkampiip+wgs, Escherichia albertiip+wgs, Escherichia colig+p+wgs+gi, Escherichia fergusoniip+wgs, Klebsiella aerogenesg+p+wgs, Klebsiella michiganensisg+p+wgs, Klebsiella oxytocap+wgs, Klebsiella pneumoniaeg+p+wgs+gi, Klebsiella quasipneumoniaep+wgs, Leclercia adecarboxylatag+p+wgs, Morganella morganiig+p+wgs+gi, Proteus mirabilisg+p+wgs, Providencia rettgerig+wgs, Providencia stuartiip+wgs, Pseudomonas aeruginosag+p+wgs, Pseudomonas putidawgs, Raoultella planticolap+wgs, Salmonella entericag+p+wgs+gi, Serratia marcescensp+wgs, Shewanella putrefaciensp, Shigella boydiiwgs, Shigella dysenteriaewgs, Shigella flexnerig+p+wgs, Shigella sonneig+p+wgs+gi, Streptococcus suiswgs, Vibrio alginolyticuswgs, Vibrio choleraeg+p+wgs, Vibrio fluvialiswgs, Vibrio parahaemolyticuswgs |
| Classification | 9 ontology terms | Show + process or component of antibiotic biology or chemistry + mechanism of antibiotic resistance + determinant of antibiotic resistance + antibiotic inactivation [Resistance Mechanism] + antibiotic molecule + antibiotic inactivation enzyme + macrolide inactivation enzyme + macrolide antibiotic [Drug Class] + phosphorylation of antibiotic conferring resistance |
| Parent Term(s) | 8 ontology terms | Show + macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) [AMR Gene Family] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic erythromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic roxithromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic telithromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic clarithromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic azithromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic dirithromycin [Antibiotic] + confers_resistance_to_antibiotic oleandomycin [Antibiotic] |
| Publications | Noguchi N, et al. 1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39(10): 2359-2363. Nucleotide sequence and characterization of erythromycin resistance determinant that encodes macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I in Escherichia coli. (PMID 8619599) Shakya T and Wright GD. 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(5): 1909-1913. Nucleotide selectivity of antibiotic kinases. (PMID 20231391) Chesneau O, et al. 2007. FEMS Microbiol Lett 269(2): 317-322. Resistance phenotypes conferred by macrolide phosphotransferases. (PMID 17302923) Pawlowski AC, et al. 2018. Nat Commun 9(1):112 The evolution of substrate discrimination in macrolide antibiotic resistance enzymes. (PMID 29317655) |
Prevalence of mphA among the sequenced genomes, plasmids, and whole-genome shotgun assemblies available at NCBI or IslandViewer for 413 important pathogens (see methodological details and complete list of analyzed pathogens). Values reflect percentage of genomes, plasmids, genome islands, or whole-genome shotgun assemblies that have at least one hit to the AMR detection model. Default view includes percentages calculated based on Perfect plus Strict RGI hits. Select the checkbox to view percentages based on only Perfect matches to AMR reference sequences curated in CARD (note: this excludes resistance via mutation as references in protein variant models are often wild-type, sensitive sequences).
| Species | NCBI Chromosome | NCBI Plasmid | NCBI WGS | NCBI GI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 0% | 0% | 0.01% | 0% |
| Aeromonas caviae | 25% | 7.79% | 10.22% | 0% |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | 10.77% | 5.19% | 6.45% | 0% |
| Aeromonas veronii | 12.73% | 4.62% | 4.49% | 0% |
| Alcaligenes faecalis | 0% | 20% | 0% | 0% |
| Bordetella trematum | 20% | 0% | 0% | 50% |
| Citrobacter amalonaticus | 0% | 25% | 1.82% | 0% |
| Citrobacter freundii | 1.64% | 9.85% | 17.02% | 0% |
| Citrobacter koseri | 6.25% | 15% | 3.6% | 0% |
| Citrobacter portucalensis | 0% | 25% | 24.32% | 0% |
| Citrobacter werkmanii | 0% | 0% | 17.95% | 0% |
| Citrobacter youngae | 0% | 9.09% | 12.5% | 0% |
| Comamonas testosteroni | 0% | 50% | 0% | 0% |
| Cronobacter malonaticus | 0% | 0% | 1.82% | 0% |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | 0% | 2.56% | 0% | 0% |
| Enterobacter asburiae | 0% | 0.83% | 3.16% | 0% |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 0% | 1.68% | 9.58% | 0% |
| Enterobacter hormaechei | 0% | 3.86% | 8.07% | 0% |
| Enterobacter kobei | 0% | 1.38% | 6.99% | 0% |
| Enterobacter roggenkampii | 0% | 0.48% | 1.8% | 0% |
| Escherichia albertii | 0% | 0.56% | 0.65% | 0% |
| Escherichia coli | 2.07% | 4.29% | 10.46% | 1.02% |
| Escherichia fergusonii | 0% | 1.07% | 6.52% | 0% |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 2% | 5.43% | 2.82% | 0% |
| Klebsiella michiganensis | 9.68% | 12.57% | 7.18% | 0% |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 0% | 2.74% | 4.62% | 0% |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1.07% | 5.43% | 17.44% | 3.81% |
| Klebsiella quasipneumoniae | 0% | 2.75% | 8.95% | 0% |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | 7.14% | 4.76% | 2.33% | 0% |
| Morganella morganii | 15.38% | 10% | 7.36% | 23.08% |
| Proteus mirabilis | 5.5% | 6.25% | 1.82% | 0% |
| Providencia rettgeri | 5.88% | 0% | 2.55% | 0% |
| Providencia stuartii | 0% | 2.27% | 2.27% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0.46% | 0.29% | 0.19% | 0% |
| Pseudomonas putida | 0% | 0% | 1.6% | 0% |
| Raoultella planticola | 0% | 11.63% | 15.38% | 0% |
| Salmonella enterica | 1.58% | 3.01% | 1.08% | 1.66% |
| Serratia marcescens | 0% | 1.29% | 0.39% | 0% |
| Shewanella putrefaciens | 0% | 40% | 0% | 0% |
| Shigella boydii | 0% | 0% | 11.11% | 0% |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 0% | 0% | 3.33% | 0% |
| Shigella flexneri | 4% | 7.63% | 12.27% | 0% |
| Shigella sonnei | 2.44% | 5.83% | 3.8% | 4.76% |
| Streptococcus suis | 0% | 0% | 0.05% | 0% |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | 0% | 0% | 0.4% | 0% |
| Vibrio cholerae | 0.45% | 10.53% | 0.96% | 0% |
| Vibrio fluvialis | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 0% | 0% | 0.05% | 0% |
Model Type: protein homolog model
Model Definition: Protein Homolog Models (PHM) detect protein sequences based on their similarity to a curated reference sequence, using curated BLASTP bitscore cut-offs. Protein Homolog Models apply to all genes that confer resistance through their presence in an organism, such as the presence of a beta-lactamase gene on a plasmid. PHMs include a reference sequence and a bitscore cut-off for detection using BLASTP. A Perfect RGI match is 100% identical to the reference protein sequence along its entire length, a Strict RGI match is not identical but the bit-score of the matched sequence is greater than the curated BLASTP bit-score cutoff, Loose RGI matches have a bit-score less than the curated BLASTP bit-score cut-off.
Bit-score Cut-off (blastP): 500